Sunday, June 26, 2022

Creative Commons


Creative Commons is a nonprofit organization that helps overcome legal obstacles to the sharing of knowledge and creativity to address the world’s pressing challenges.


Mission :

● Provide Creative Commons licenses and public domain tools that give every person and organization in the world a free, simple, and standardized way to grant copyright permissions for creative and academic works; ensure proper attribution; and allow others to copy, distribute, and make use of those works

● Work closely with major institutions and governments to create, adopt and implement open licensing and ensure the correct use of CC licenses and CC-licensed content

● Support the CC Global Network, a community initiative working to increase the volume, breadth, and quality of openly available knowledge worldwide

● Steward the Open COVID Pledge, which calls on organizations around the world to make their patents and copyrights freely available in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic.

● Develop technology like CC Search that makes openly licensed material easier to discover and use

● Offer the Creative Commons Certificate, an in-depth course for people interested in becoming experts in creating and engaging with openly licensed works

● Produce CC Summit, an annual event that brings together an international group of educators, artists, technologists, legal experts, and activists to promote the power of open licensing and global access

● Support global Open Education and GLAM communities



CC-BY or Creative Commons Attribution is considered the most open of the CC licenses. With this license, the user can distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the original, so long as the original creator is given credit, or attribution.

For those who want their work to be built upon, improved, and shared widely, this license is the best bet. It will give that exposure and the ability to improve the scholarly conversation, but will ensure that the original creator's name stays with the content.


CC-BY-SA or Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike gives the same permissions as the CC-BY (distribute, remix, tweak, build upon) so long as the user credits the original author and also shares whatever they've created under the same license terms. These materials will still be able to be used commercially, but under the license they must always be licensed openly.

For those who want to ensure their work remains open and is never used in a traditionally published resource in the future, this is a good option. It helps to make sure the content is always open.


CC-BY-NC or Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial is among the first of the licenses that start to be more restrictive in their permissions. While a user can still remix, tweak, and build upon the work, all while attributing the original creator, the NC part of the license makes it so that new works cannot be used commercially.

Some faculty may be concerned that their work could be used commerically down the road. If that is something you would like to avoid, this license may be the best choice. It still allows for flexibility with the material, but keeps it from being used for profit.


CC-BY-NC-SA or Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial ShareAlike, carries the same permissions as CC-BY-NC except that any new creations must be licensed under identical terms. 

For faculty who are concerned about their work being used commercially, and want to make sure that their work is always open, this license is a good fit.


CC-BY-ND or Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs is a more restrictive license. It allows you to redistribute the material commercially or non-commercially but the user cannot make any changes whatsoever to the original, i.e. no derivatives of the original work. It must be shared without changes and in its entirety, while crediting the original creator.

While still considered an open license, CC-BY-ND only permits the user to share. It does not allow anyone to expand upon the original content or remix it, giving less freedom to the users. So it is on the restrictive end of open.


CC-BY-NC-ND or Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial NoDerivs, is the most restrictive license offered by Creative Commons. With this license, the user (while attributing the original creator) can only share the work but not change it in any way or ever use it commercially.

This is technically still considered open since it does not have a commercial charge for sharing the work, but it does not offer any flexibility with the material should someone wish to remix and adapt it.




This is the traditional copyright symbol with which most are familiar. This symbol indicates "all rights reserved" to the original creator or publisher, and does not allow for any of the permissions expressed by the open licenses. On a sliding scale of open, this sits at the opposite end from CC-BY, which allows for all of the 5R permissions to retain, revise, reuse, remix, and redistribute. With a traditional copyright, none of this is possible unless direct permission is granted from the publisher/creator.







Saturday, February 26, 2022

中国地理标志产品 : 福建省 之 非食品

中国地理标志是中华人民共和国政府为保护源产地优质产品,而向经过有关部门认证的源产地产品颁发的产品地理标志。凡通过中国地理标志认证的产品,均可在其产品表面张贴中国地理标志图样。中国地理标志的认证机构主要是国家质量监督检验检疫总局。中国地理标识产品的保护,源于1999年推出的的原产地域产品保护制度。

所谓原产地域产品,是指“利用产自特定地域的原材料,按照传统工艺在特定地域内所生产的,质量、特色或者声誉在本质上取决于其原产地域地理特征并依照本规定经审核批准以原产地域进行命名的产品” 。

地理标志产品包括:
● 来自本地区的种植、养殖产品。
● 原材料全部来自本地区或部分来自其他地区,并在本地区按照特定工艺生产和加工的产品。

地理标志产品制度的实施,主要是为了保护地方特产和农民利益,打击假冒伪劣产品的泛滥。

德化白瓷
德化白瓷,福建省德化县特产,2006年获批为中国国家地理标志产品。

“中国白”原文(Blanc de Chine)是法国人对明代德化白瓷的赞誉,他们认为这是“中国瓷器之上品”。德化瓷器具有白度好,光泽度高,热稳定性强,耐温、耐压、耐磨耐腐蚀等特点,另具有釉色纯净温润、致密度高,透光度好等理化特色。

德化瓷器的理化特色。以1300℃—1400℃烧成德化瓷器具有白度好,光泽度高,热稳定性强,机械强度大,耐温、耐压、耐磨耐腐蚀等白瓷理化特色,还具有釉色纯净温润、致密度高,透光度好等理化特色。

福州脱胎漆器
福州脱胎漆器,福建省福州市的特产,2010年获批为中国国家地理标志产品。

福州漆器始于南宋。福州脱胎漆器特点:质地轻巧坚牢,造型古朴大方,装饰丰富多彩,不褪色、坚固、耐温、耐酸碱腐蚀。

福州脱胎漆器的制作方法有两种:一是脱胎,就是以泥土、石膏等塑成胎胚,以大漆为粘剂,然后用夏布(苎麻布)或绸布在胚胎上逐层裱褙,待阴干后脱去原胎,留下漆布雏形,再经过上灰底、打磨、髹漆研磨,最后施以各种装饰纹样,便成了光亮如镜、绚丽多彩的脱胎漆器成品了;二是木胎及其它材料胎,它们以硬材为坯,不经过脱胎直接髹漆而成,其工序与脱胎基本相同。

龙池砚
龙池砚,福建省将乐县古镛镇特产,2010年获批为中国国家地理标志产品。

龙池砚制作始于唐,盛于宋、明,久负盛名。龙池砚特点:具有发墨细腻、墨色纯青、不伤笔毫、写字作画成色明晰、不易褪色、宜于长期保存的质量特色。

龙池砚工艺最主要的特点是以雕饰龙的图案为主。龙池砚制作要经过多道工序,光制作用的各类大小工具就达23种,花工费时。龙池砚的石料取材于福建省将乐县城北石门岭至莲花山一带(古镛镇、水南镇、高唐镇、光明乡四个乡镇)片状泥质粉砂岩砚石。