Generalized Soil Map of Peninsular Malaya

 

Water Resources Management Laws of Malaysia

 
In Malaysia, the management of water resources is dictated by a constitutional framework where raw water (surface and underground) belongs to individual State Governments, while water supply infrastructure and services are jointly overseen by Federal and State entities.
 
The primary laws and legislative acts governing surface and underground water abstraction for the agriculture and industrial sectors include:
 

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1. Primary Surface Water Legislation
These laws govern the diversion, extraction, pumping, and obstruction of rivers, canals, streams, and lakes.
 

• Waters Act 1920 ( Act 418 )

The foundational federal law regulating river channels. Section 7 strictly dictates that no person may divert or abstract water from any public river/stream for industrial or commercial irrigation without a state-issued license. It is applied directly or adapted uniformly across Peninsular states.
 

• Irrigation Areas Act 1953 ( Act 386 )

Specifically governs surface water distribution within gazetted agricultural zones (especially paddy fields). It regulates how irrigation water is allocated, managed, and legally protected from industrial interference or theft.
 

• Drainage Works Act 1954 ( Act 354 )

Governs the construction of drainage systems in agricultural and industrial lands. It prevents land operations from disrupting local surface water flows or causing downstream contamination/flooding.

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2. Primary Underground Water (Groundwater) Legislation
These acts oversee the excavation of wells, hydrogeological mapping, and safe extraction rates of subterranean aquifers.

• Geological Survey Act 1974 (Act 129): Administered by the Department of Mineral and Geoscience (JMG). Under the Geological Survey Regulations (Notification of Well and Borehole Development) 2013, anyone digging deep tube-wells or test boreholes for agriculture or industrial manufacturing must legally notify JMG and submit hydrological reports to ensure soil stability and prevent aquifer collapse.

 

• State Mineral Enactments: Individual states pass specific local laws to charge fees on underground water used as raw processing materials in factories or large estate irrigation. 
  
  Johor Water Enactment 1921 / Water Supply Enactment
  Pahang Water Resources Enactment 2007
  Perak Water Resources Enactment
  Selangor Water Management Board Enactment 1999
  Kedah Water Resources Enactment 2008
  Sabah Water Resources Enactment 1998
  Sarawak Water Ordinance 1994

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3. State-Specific Water Resource Enactments (The Supreme Regional Authorities)
Because states hold absolute constitutional sovereignty over raw water extraction, these state-level enactments override general federal guidelines for commercial permits:
 
·       Selangor Water Management Board Enactment 1999
Empowers LUAS. Section 41 mandates that both surface and underground water extraction for commercial/industrial purposes require a water abstraction license (Lesen Abstraksi).
 

• Kedah Water Resources Enactment 2008: Gives LSANK absolute authority to license and penalize illegal pumping of rivers or aquifers for agricultural use.

 

• Johor Water Enactment 1921 / Water Supply Enactment: Grants BAJ the authority to regulate all intake pipes pulling raw surface water into industrial zones.

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4. Supporting Environmental & Service Acts
These regulations ensure that industrial or agricultural water usage does not pollute water catchments.
 

• Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Act 127)

Administered by the Department of Environment (DOE). It prevents industrial factories from discharging hazardous effluents back into surface rivers and prohibits toxic agricultural runoff (pesticides) from contaminating groundwater tables.
 

• Water Services Industry Act 2006 (Act 655)

Regulates corporate bodies that treat raw water to convert it into consumer or manufacturing utility pipelines, overseen directly by SPAN.
 

Landscape Laws of Malaysia

In Malaysia, there is no single, unified "Landscape Act". Instead, the legal and regulatory framework governing the landscape industry is woven into various federal acts, state enactments, and local government bylaws.

 

The primary legislation relevant to the Malaysian landscape industry is segregated below according to its specific function:

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1. Urban Planning & Spatial Control (Mandatory Green Space Allocations)

These acts empower local authorities to mandate that a specific percentage of land (usually 10%) must be reserved for open spaces (kawasan lapang), green areas, and recreational facilities during the development phase.

• Town and Country Planning Act 1976 (Act 172): Applicable to Peninsular Malaysia. It dictates that a developer must submit a Development Proposal Report (Laporan Cadangan Pemajuan), which explicitly includes landscape design, open space distributions, and natural typography preservation.
• Federal Territory (Planning) Act 1982 (Act 267): Governs urban planning specifically for Kuala Lumpur. Like Act 172, it legally binds developers to provision adequate open spaces and recreational parks.

 

2. Arboriculture & Urban Tree Protection (Tree Preservation Orders)

These statutory components protect mature trees from indiscriminate cutting and manage urban arboriculture practices during site clearing and construction.

• Act 172 & Act 267 (Tree Preservation Orders - TPO): Under Part VA of Act 172 and Section 35 of Act 267, local planning authorities have the power to issue a TPO.
• Prohibition: It is illegal to cut down or damage any tree with a girth exceeding 0.8 meters (Act 172) or 1.0 meter (Act 267) without written local council approval.
• Penalties: Fines can be levied heavily against landscape contractors or developers who illegally clear regulated trees.

 

3. Civil Infrastructure & Building Integration (Hardscapes & Softscapes)

These laws govern the structural, engineering, and architectural integration of landscape works within the broader built environment (e.g., retaining walls on slopes, roadside shoulders, and perimeter drainage).

• Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974 (Act 133): Regulates how public elements like walkways, pedestrian routes, and road shoulders (bahu jalan) are constructed. Landscape companies must comply with Act 133 specifications to ensure that roots do not damage underground pipes or rupture public pavements.
• Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 (UBBL): Imposes secondary regulations on landscape designs, notably emergency vehicle accessibility (Bomba access) through open plazas and structural weight limits for rooftop/skyrise gardening (green roofs).

 

4. Public Amenities & Maintenance Control (PBT Jurisdiction)

These laws grant local enforcement powers to Local Planning Authorities (PBTs like DBKL, MBPJ, etc.) to manage, maintain, and penalize illegal modifications to urban landscaping.

• Local Government Act 1976 (Act 171): Grants PBTs the authority to manage public parks, botanical gardens, and recreation spaces.
• PBT Landscape Bylaws (Undang-Undang Kecil): This is where local councils prohibit residents from planting personal herbs, fruit trees, or vegetables on public road shoulders or vacant town lands. It also enforces the controversial public practice of removing fallen leaves (organic matter) to maintain urban cleanliness.

 

5. Biodiversity Conservation & Environmental Safeguards (Macro-Landscaping)

For large-scale, rural, or highly sensitive landscaping (e.g., eco-tourism resorts, golf courses, or rehabilitation of quarry sites), ecological laws come into play.

• Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Act 127): Mandates an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for mega-developments. The landscaping layout must actively prevent soil erosion and manage siltation runoffs.
• National Forestry Act 1984 (Act 313): Controls the procurement of native forest species (like the Pokok Meranti discussed previously) to ensure that trees sourced for major urban landscape works are legally harvested and do not degrade permanent reserve forests.

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Non-Statutory Framework (Crucial for Practitioners)

While not enforceable laws passed by Parliament, landscape architects and contractors in Malaysia are bound legally by:

• The National Landscape Policy (Dasar Lanskap Negara): Formulated by the National Landscape Department (JLN) to turn Malaysia into a "Beautiful Garden Nation".
• Garis Panduan Lanskap Negara: Guidelines that specify the selection of trees, minimum soil depths for tree planting, and safety buffer clearances near electric utilities (TNB).

 

British Royal Cypher

 A royal cypher is, simply, the personal symbol of a monarch. It’s their personal logo. Modern British royal cyphers typically consist of the monarch’s first initial, the letter “R” for “Rex” or “Regina”, the Latin words for “King” or “Queen”, their number if applicable, and a crown. They are used on documents, mail, on royal-approved items like money, police helmets and post boxes as well as on any buildings and landmarks that the monarch commissions.

 

British monarchs have had cyphers since at least the 15th century, and many other European monarchies have deep rooted cypher traditions that continue to this day as well.

 

Cypher vs. monogram: what’s the difference?

The Project Gutenberg book Monograms & Ciphers distinguishes monograms and cyphers based on how the letters interact:

“A Monogram is a combination of two or more letters, in which one letter forms part of another and cannot be separated from the whole. A Cipher is merely an interlacing or placing together of two or more letters, being in no way dependent for their parts on other of the letters.”

 

Who gets royal cyphers and monograms?

In the context of the British royal family, Gert’s Royals explains that the monarch’s symbol is referred to as a royal cypher while the rest of the royal family’s symbols are called monograms.

 

The reigning British monarch has a royal cypher made shortly after their ascension.  Other royal family members with private offices have custom monograms created and updated throughout their life to reflect position changes and marriages.

 

Married royal family members also get combined monograms, such as a joint Harry and Meghan monogram.

Primates of Malaysia

 

金庸武侠地图

 

HASIL Pelepasan Cukai Individu Pemastautin 2025

 

Serdang The Happiest City

 

Pusat Sains Negara

 

Waterbirds of Kampar District

 

Pulau Ketam

 

Roadsigns in Malaysia : Animals Crossing

 

Crows ( Gagak )

 

班厝 @ Pandamaran

 

CIDB Gred & Category

Dari 20 Julai 1995, sudah wajib untuk semua kontraktor sama ada tempatan atau asing untuk mendaftar dengan Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia (LPIPM) atau CIDB di bawah Seksyen 25 Akta 520 (Pindaan 2011). Seseorang yang berjanji untuk melaksanakan atau menjalankan dan menyelesaikan sebarang kerja pembinaan tanpa didaftarkan sebagai kontraktor yang berdaftar dengan LPIPM akan melakukan kesalahan di bawah Akta ini dan apabila disabitkan boleh didenda tidak melebihi lima puluh ribu ringgit. Merujuk kepada Seksyen 25 (1) Akta 520 Lembaga Pembangunan Industri Pembinaan Malaysia (CIDB):

"Tidak ada orang yang akan melakukan pekerjaan atau menyelesaikan, berjanji untuk melaksanakan atau menyelesaikan apa-apa pekerjaan pembinaan atau menyatakan dirinya sebagai kontraktor, kecuali dia berdaftar dengan Lembaga dan memiliki sijil pendaftaran yang sah yang dikeluarkan oleh Lembaga di bawah Akta ini".

Kontraktor yang memohon untuk didaftarkan diminta untuk merujuk kepada Syarat dan Prosedur Pendaftaran Kontraktor serta mematuhi syarat yang dinyatakan sebelum mengemukakan permohonan.

 

PENDAFTARAN CIDB

 

Pensijilan CIDB:

• Perakuan Pendaftaran Kontraktor (PPK)

• Perakuan Pekerjaan (SPKK)

• Sijil Status Bumiputera (STB) - Dikeluarkan oleh Bahagian Kontraktor dan Usahawan (BPKU)

 

Kategori Pendaftaran CIDB:

• Pembinaan Kejuruteraan Awam (CE)

• Pembinaan Bangunan dan (B)

• Mekanikal dan Elektrik (ME)

• Kemudahan (F)

Singapore MRT/LRT Map

 

Klang Valley Integrated Transit Map

 

LHDN : Pelepasan Cukai Individu Pemastautin Tahun Taksiran 2022

 

Creative Commons

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Mission :

● Provide Creative Commons licenses and public domain tools that give every person and organization in the world a free, simple, and standardized way to grant copyright permissions for creative and academic works; ensure proper attribution; and allow others to copy, distribute, and make use of those works

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● Support the CC Global Network, a community initiative working to increase the volume, breadth, and quality of openly available knowledge worldwide

● Steward the Open COVID Pledge, which calls on organizations around the world to make their patents and copyrights freely available in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic.

● Develop technology like CC Search that makes openly licensed material easier to discover and use

● Offer the Creative Commons Certificate, an in-depth course for people interested in becoming experts in creating and engaging with openly licensed works

● Produce CC Summit, an annual event that brings together an international group of educators, artists, technologists, legal experts, and activists to promote the power of open licensing and global access

● Support global Open Education and GLAM communities

CC-BY or Creative Commons Attribution is considered the most open of the CC licenses. With this license, the user can distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the original, so long as the original creator is given credit, or attribution.

For those who want their work to be built upon, improved, and shared widely, this license is the best bet. It will give that exposure and the ability to improve the scholarly conversation, but will ensure that the original creator's name stays with the content.

CC-BY-SA or Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike gives the same permissions as the CC-BY (distribute, remix, tweak, build upon) so long as the user credits the original author and also shares whatever they've created under the same license terms. These materials will still be able to be used commercially, but under the license they must always be licensed openly.

For those who want to ensure their work remains open and is never used in a traditionally published resource in the future, this is a good option. It helps to make sure the content is always open.

CC-BY-NC or Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial is among the first of the licenses that start to be more restrictive in their permissions. While a user can still remix, tweak, and build upon the work, all while attributing the original creator, the NC part of the license makes it so that new works cannot be used commercially.

Some faculty may be concerned that their work could be used commerically down the road. If that is something you would like to avoid, this license may be the best choice. It still allows for flexibility with the material, but keeps it from being used for profit.

CC-BY-NC-SA or Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial ShareAlike, carries the same permissions as CC-BY-NC except that any new creations must be licensed under identical terms. 

For faculty who are concerned about their work being used commercially, and want to make sure that their work is always open, this license is a good fit.

CC-BY-ND or Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs is a more restrictive license. It allows you to redistribute the material commercially or non-commercially but the user cannot make any changes whatsoever to the original, i.e. no derivatives of the original work. It must be shared without changes and in its entirety, while crediting the original creator.

While still considered an open license, CC-BY-ND only permits the user to share. It does not allow anyone to expand upon the original content or remix it, giving less freedom to the users. So it is on the restrictive end of open.

CC-BY-NC-ND or Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial NoDerivs, is the most restrictive license offered by Creative Commons. With this license, the user (while attributing the original creator) can only share the work but not change it in any way or ever use it commercially.

This is technically still considered open since it does not have a commercial charge for sharing the work, but it does not offer any flexibility with the material should someone wish to remix and adapt it.

This is the traditional copyright symbol with which most are familiar. This symbol indicates "all rights reserved" to the original creator or publisher, and does not allow for any of the permissions expressed by the open licenses. On a sliding scale of open, this sits at the opposite end from CC-BY, which allows for all of the 5R permissions to retain, revise, reuse, remix, and redistribute. With a traditional copyright, none of this is possible unless direct permission is granted from the publisher/creator.

Prohibition of Release into Malaysia Rivers ( Fishes )