Nine Cardinal Principles

NINE CARDINAL PRINCIPLES OF THE RULE OF THE ENGLISH RAJAH

1.That Sarawak is the heritage of Our Subjects and is held in trust by Ourselves for them.

2.That social and education services shall be developed and improved and the standard of living of the people of Sarawak shall steadily be raised.

3.That never shall any person or persons be granted rights inconsistent with those of the people of this country or be in any way permitted to exploit Our Subjects or those who have sought Our protection and care.

4.That justice shall be freely obtainable and that the Rajah and every public servant shall be easily accessible to the public.

5.That freedom of expression both in speech and in writing shall be permitted and encouraged and that everyone shall be entitled to worship as he pleases.

6.That public servants shall ever remember that they are but the servants of the people on whose goodwill and co-operation they are entirely dependent.

7.That so far as may be Our Subjects of whatever race or creed shall be freely and impartially admitted to offices in Our Service, the duties of which they may be qualified by their education, ability and integrity duly to discharge.

8.That the goal of self-government shall always be kept in mind, that the people of Sarawak shall be entrusted in due course with the governance of themselves, and that continuous efforts shall be made to hasten the reaching of this goal by educating them in the obligations, the responsibilities, and the privileges of citizenship.

9.That the general policy of Our predecessors and Ourselves whereby the various races of the State have been enabled to live in happiness and harmony together shall be adhered to by Our successors and Our servants and all who may follow them hereafter.

Note : The Cardinal Principles are set out in the First Schedule to the Sarawak (Constitution) Order in Council, 1956. They originally formed part of the Preamble to Order No. C-21 (Constitution), 1941, enacted by Charles Vyner Brooke, the 3rd Rajah of Sarawak.

Source :  Report of the Commission of Enquiry, North Borneo and Sarawak, 1962.

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关你‘屁’事

成分

屁的主要气体来源有二：

1. 咀嚼时吞入消化道的空气 ;

2. 大肠和直肠内的细菌，特别是大肠杆菌，发酵食物残渣而产生的气体。

屁的具体成分因人而异，也和食物有关。

无味气体					臭味气体
氮气 N2	氢气 H2	氧气 O2	甲烷 CH4	二氧化碳 CO2	其他
58.6%	20.6%	4.6%	6.6%	8.6%	1.0%

屁与食物

屁的气味和产量与食物有重大的关系。

食物含量	屁成分	屁质
蛋白质 protein	硫化氢 hydrogen sulfide	臭屁
	吲哚 indole
	粪臭素 skatole
淀粉 starch	二氧化碳 carbon dioxide	响屁不臭

食物	特殊物质	屁质
红薯	气化酶	屁量多 响却不臭
生白萝卜	淀粉酶 木质素	“萝卜屁”
洋葱 韭菜 大蒜	刺激性物质	洋葱、韭菜、大蒜气味
大豆	寡糖 蛋白质	屁量多 响又臭

屁与健康

正常人每天都會放屁5至10次，约排出500毫升左右的气体。

屁的气味、多少都能指示消化道的健康状况。

屁多不臭	胃炎、消化性溃疡等胃部疾病及肝、胆、胰疾病等
屁多且臭	消化不良
屁奇臭难闻	消化道出血、菌痢、阿米巴痢疾、溃疡性结肠炎、出血性小肠炎、炎恶性肿瘤晚期症等
无屁 / 少屁  并有腹痛、腹胀、便秘、肠鸣音亢进或消失、气过水声等	肠梗阻

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