Tuesday, March 11, 2014

妊娠糖尿病 Gestational Diabetes


糖尿病( Diabetes )是一种因体内胰岛素 ( insulin ) 绝对或相对不足所导致的一系列临床综合症。目前糖尿病有三种类型:
1. 1型糖尿病 ( Type 1 diabetes )
2. 2型糖尿病 ( Type 2 diabetes )
3. 妊娠糖尿病  ( Gestational diabetes )


妊娠糖尿病 ( Gestational diabetes )
妊娠糖尿病是指孕前没有糖尿病而在孕期出现高血糖的状态。患有妊娠糖尿病的孕妇一般没有明显的患病症状。如果出现症状,通常是:
1.  多食、多饮、多尿,体重却减轻 -“三多一少”
2.  剧吐
3.  疲乏
4.  容易被真菌感染,如外阴阴道假丝酵母菌 ( vulvovagina candidiasis, VVC )


妊娠糖尿病因素
常见的导致妊娠期糖尿病的因素有:
1.  超重BMI >30kg/m2,或妊娠期体重增加 >15 kg
2.  孕妇年龄 >35
3.  多囊卵巢綜合症 ( polycystic ovary syndrome, PCOS )
4.  吸烟。
5.  糖尿病家族。
6.  人种因素。非洲籍,南亚籍,拉美籍,美洲原住民&太平洋岛民都是高风险群。
7.  基因。TCF7L2
8.  前期糖尿病prediabetes
9.  曾患妊娠糖尿病,曾产巨大儿。


妊娠糖尿病筛查
1. 非负荷性血糖测试 ( non-challenge blood glucose tests )
a. 空腹血糖测试 ( fasting plasma glucose test, FPG )
b. 餐后两小时血糖测试 
            ( 2-hour postprandial blood glucose test, 2hPBG )
c.  随机血糖测试 ( random plasma glucose test, RPGT )
2. 负荷性葡萄糖测试筛查
       ( screening glucose challenge test, GCT )
3. 口服葡萄糖耐量试验 ( oral glucose tolerance test, OGTT)
4. 尿糖测试法 ( urinary glucose test )



妊娠糖尿病影响与危害
对孕妇的影响
1.  巨大儿 ( macrosomia ) >4kg -导致难产、产道损伤、手术产几率增高、产程延长、产后出血。
2.  先兆子痫 ( pre-eclampsia ) 症状:头痛、眼花、恶心、呕吐、上腹不适。
3. 羊水过多,>2000ml -导致胎盘早剥、宫缩乏力、产后出血等。
4.  病菌感染
a. 糖尿病酮症酸中毒 ( diabetic ketoacidosis, DKA ) 症状:胰岛素不足、生糖激素高,造成的高血糖、高血酮、酮尿、脱水、电解质紊乱、代谢性酸中毒等。
b.  外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病 ( vulvovagina candidiasis, VVC ) 症状:外阴奇痒,白带增多,尿频,尿痛,性交痛等。
c.  肾盂肾炎 ( pyelonephritis ) 症状:尿路刺激症状。
d.  无症状菌尿症 ( asymptomatic bacteriuria ) 症状:频尿、尿急、尿痛、耻骨上痛等。
e.  产褥感染 ( puerperal infection ) 分娩时及产褥期生殖道受病原体感染。
f.  乳腺炎 ( acute mastitis ) 症状:乳房肿胀、疼痛,肿块压痛,表面红肿,发热等。
 
对胎儿的影响
1. 流产 ( miscarriage )
2. 早产 ( preterm birth )
3. 先天性畸形 ( congenital malformations )
4. 低血糖 ( hypoglycemia ) 
5. 黄疸  ( jaundice )
6. 高血红细胞 ( polycythemia )
7. 低血钙 ( hypocalcemia )、低血镁 ( hypomagnesemia )


妊娠糖尿病管理治疗
自我护理
1. 饮食调节
·  控制总能量
· 均衡营养
· 少量多餐
· 高纤维饮食
· 饮食清淡

2. 自行检验
· 通过糖尿病检测试剂盒( glucose test kit )自行检验血糖状况

3. 适量运动
· 运动量需要根据孕妇健康状况而定。
· 双胎妊娠、胎儿发育迟缓、妊娠期高血压疾病及1型糖尿病孕妇不适宜采用运动疗法

4. 注意卫生
· 养成饭前便后洗手的习惯。
· 避免使用公共厕所,预防各种感染。

药物治疗
1.  胰岛素 ( Insulin )
2.  磺酰脲类药物( sulfonylureas, SU )
3.  二甲双胍片( metformin ) 

Sunday, February 16, 2014

Nine Cardinal Principles

NINE CARDINAL PRINCIPLES OF THE RULE OF THE ENGLISH RAJAH

1.That Sarawak is the heritage of Our Subjects and is held in trust by Ourselves for them.

2.That social and education services shall be developed and improved and the standard of living of the people of Sarawak shall steadily be raised.

3.That never shall any person or persons be granted rights inconsistent with those of the people of this country or be in any way permitted to exploit Our Subjects or those who have sought Our protection and care.

4.That justice shall be freely obtainable and that the Rajah and every public servant shall be easily accessible to the public.

5.That freedom of expression both in speech and in writing shall be permitted and encouraged and that everyone shall be entitled to worship as he pleases.

6.That public servants shall ever remember that they are but the servants of the people on whose goodwill and co-operation they are entirely dependent.

7.That so far as may be Our Subjects of whatever race or creed shall be freely and impartially admitted to offices in Our Service, the duties of which they may be qualified by their education, ability and integrity duly to discharge.

8.That the goal of self-government shall always be kept in mind, that the people of Sarawak shall be entrusted in due course with the governance of themselves, and that continuous efforts shall be made to hasten the reaching of this goal by educating them in the obligations, the responsibilities, and the privileges of citizenship.

9.That the general policy of Our predecessors and Ourselves whereby the various races of the State have been enabled to live in happiness and harmony together shall be adhered to by Our successors and Our servants and all who may follow them hereafter.




Note : The Cardinal Principles are set out in the First Schedule to the Sarawak (Constitution) Order in Council, 1956. They originally formed part of the Preamble to Order No. C-21 (Constitution), 1941, enacted by Charles Vyner Brooke, the 3rd Rajah of Sarawak.

Source :  Report of the Commission of Enquiry, North Borneo and Sarawak, 1962.



Wednesday, January 1, 2014

3D Murals @ #artsphere208ty




http://theatmosphere.com.my/208ty/murals/


Saturday, September 28, 2013

关你‘屁’事


成分

屁的主要气体来源有二:
1. 咀嚼时吞入消化道的空气 ;
2. 大肠和直肠内的细菌,特别是大肠杆菌,发酵食物残渣而产生的气体。

屁的具体成分因人而异,也和食物有关。
无味气体
臭味气体
氮气 N2
氢气 H2
氧气 O2
甲烷 CH4
二氧化碳 CO2
其他
58.6%
20.6%
4.6%
6.6%
8.6%
1.0%



屁与食物

屁的气味和产量与食物有重大的关系。
食物含量
屁成分
屁质
蛋白质 protein
硫化氢
hydrogen sulfide
臭屁
吲哚 indole
粪臭素 skatole
淀粉
starch
二氧化碳
carbon dioxide
响屁不臭

食物
特殊物质
屁质
红薯
气化酶
屁量多
响却不臭
生白萝卜
淀粉酶
木质素
萝卜屁
洋葱
韭菜
大蒜
刺激性物质
洋葱、韭菜、大蒜气味
大豆
寡糖
蛋白质
屁量多
响又臭


屁与健康

正常人每天都會放屁510次,约排出500毫升左右的气体。

屁的气味、多少都能指示消化道的健康状况。
屁多不臭
胃炎、消化性溃疡等胃部疾病及肝、胆、胰疾病等
屁多且臭
消化不良
屁奇臭难闻
消化道出血、菌痢、阿米巴痢疾、溃疡性结肠炎、出血性小肠炎、炎恶性肿瘤晚期症等
无屁 / 少屁  并有腹痛、腹胀、便秘、肠鸣音亢进或消失、气过水声等
肠梗阻